A made-in-China humanoid shattered Usain Bolt’s world record time in the 100-metre sprint this week, a milestone in the development of robots that can match, and even surpass, human achievements.

But the robot did not beat Bolt by running like him, or like any human, sport science experts say.

In ​its final and fastest run, China’s Tiangong Ultra humanoid ran 100 m in 8.64 seconds, blazing past Bolt’s 9.58-second human world record. That ‌amounts to an average speed for the robot of almost 42 kph (26 mph).

“It is a remarkable advancement in technology where humanoids can keep balance and sprint at a speed that humans can’t catch up with,” said Jung Moon-hyun, a sports science professor at South Korea’s Chungnam National University.

But the differences between Bolt’s closely studied 2009 world-record run in Berlin and the humanoid runs in Beijing also highlight ​both the power of robots – and the areas, like decision making and perception, where they still lag, other experts said.

A Slow Start

Take the start. Bolt burst ​from the blocks in Berlin with a lightning-fast reaction time of 0.146 seconds. Starting blocks allow human sprinters to generate horizontal force at the start of the race to build speed.

Tiangong, by contrast, starts from a clunky, upright posture. In its first world record run, it also waited almost a ​full second to begin moving at the start, after apparently failing to register the signal.

“If they could use starting blocks, I could see them getting a lot faster,” said ​Iain Hunter, professor of exercise science at Brigham Young University and a sport scientist with USA Track and Field.

Hunter estimates that Bolt would have hit the five-metre mark almost 2 seconds ahead of Tiangong.

But then the robot’s advantages start to kick in. Tiangong Ultra’s developer said it had redesigned parts of the robot’s torso and waist to cut weight and reduce the effort needed to ​move its body while running.

It also improved the robots’ motors, range of movement and control software, according to Guo Yijie, a manager in its humanoid innovation department.

The result: ​an almost super-human cadence of shorter steps. Bolt finished 100 metres in 41 steps. Tiangong appears to take more than 50 steps to finish in its first world-record-breaking run but those steps are ‌far faster than Bolt’s, a Reuters review of the race video shows.

Park Suhan, a robotics professor at South Korea’s Kwangwoon University, said the robot’s gait appeared to reflect what its motors can do best, rather than an effort to mimic human sprinting.

Parunchaya Jamkrajang, a sports scientist at Thailand’s Mahidol University, said the smaller, choppier steps could help robots balance. “They try to increase speed, but if the stride becomes too wide, they will fall,” she said.

No Metabolic ‘Wall’ but a Real Wall

Humans produce sprinting power through muscles and tendons working across ​flexible joints. Their ankles, knees and hips ​absorb force and return some of it with every stride.

Robots generate power faster with electric motors and gearboxes, said Park Hae-won, a professor at South Korea’s KAIST who leads the school’s humanoid lab. “An electric motor simply creates rotation. It doesn’t need to pull and extend like muscles do. You ​can simply attach it at the joint.”

Even world-class sprinters start to tire and slow in the final 20 metres as ​neuromuscular fatigue hits, said Matt Bundle, a biomechanics expert at the University of Montana. Tiangong does not appear to slow.

“Because the robot isn’t constrained like that,” he said, “it’s going to be able to keep going.”

Race video shows Tiangong holding its highest speed through the final stage of its first record run – before crashing into a padded wall at the end.

“It’s no good if we get up to a ​good top speed, but all we do is end up in a heap of broken bones because ​we can’t stop,” Bundle said.

Jamkrajang agreed, saying robots capable of better turns and independent decisions would be more impressive than simple speed gains in future years.

“Changing direction, or running and making a decision like, ‘I won’t run ​into this,’ and decelerating and reducing the robot’s speed. We haven’t seen this yet.”