Latest data from fiscal year 2022-23 indicate a challenging economic landscape. While the external situation has improved and the banking sector is gradually emerging from a recurring liquidity crunch, fiscal and real sectors are under stress. Specifically, the large current account deficit and depleting foreign exchange reserves reversed course, and the availability of loanable funds in the banking sector improved along with the declining interest rates and sizable liquidity. However, gross domestic product (GDP) growth decreased while fiscal deficit, public debt and inflation increased.

It gives the impression of an economy struggling to maintain macroeconomic stability, especially after the onset of the pandemic. The effect is compounded by the unresolved structural issues affecting economic and social transformation for a long time.

Macroeconomic stability has been challenging due to external and internal reasons. Exogenous shocks, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing effect on fuel and commodity prices have increased trade costs and inflation. Monetary tightening in the developed countries has depreciated the Indian rupee, to which the Nepali rupee is pegged. These are negatively affecting Nepal’s external sector performance. In response, the Nepal Rastra Bank tightened monetary policy, and the government banned the import of certain goods that were draining foreign exchange reserves. These were internal policy choices in response to the exogenous shocks—the interaction of both has affected macroeconomic performances.

Mixed performance

The cumulative effect is seen in the 2022-23 macroeconomic data. GDP growth is estimated to have dropped to 1.9 percent from above 4.5 percent in the last two fiscal years. This is primarily due to the contraction in both public and private investment and a slowdown in consumption and exports. In fact, public and private fixed capital investments are expected to contract by 20.2 percent and 55.9 percent, respectively, reflecting not only lower public capital spending but also dismal private sector investment. Manufacturing, construction, retail and wholesale trade activities—which account for about 28 percent of GDP—have also contracted.

The fiscal performance of the federal government was worse than expected. The contraction in revenue mobilisation and grants amidst high expenditure levels widened the fiscal deficit to over 7 percent of GDP, up from about 5.4 percent in the last fiscal year. According to the latest data from the Financial Comptroller General Office, tax revenue decreased by 12.1 percent and grants by 22.5 percent in 2022-23. It primarily reflects the sharp decrease in imports, in particular, as trade-based tax collections account for nearly half of the total tax revenue and economic slowdown. The government increased domestic and external borrowings to bridge the revenue and expenditure gap, pushing total outstanding debt to 41.3 percent of GDP in 2022-23. It was just 22.5 percent in 2014-15. Domestic debt servicing nearly doubled in 2022-23 due to high interest rates on government bills and bonds. The interest rate on 91-day treasury bills averaged 9.5 percent, the highest since 1997-98.

Monetary sector performance was broadly in line with expectations as tight monetary policies dampened credit growth. Deposit grew faster than credit (12.3 percent versus 5.5 percent) owing to a surge in remittance inflows and high interest rates. However, the high-interest rates and slowdown in aggregate demand discouraged private sector investment, resulting in private sector credit growth of just 4.6 percent compared to 13.3 percent in the previous fiscal. The weighted average deposit and lending rates reached 8.2 percent and 12.6 percent, respectively—the highest in the last decade. Inflation increased by 7.7 percent, the highest since 2015-16, owing to high fuel and commodity prices.

External sector performance, the main target of policy choices in the last two years, fared better. The current account deficit sharply decreased to 1.3 percent of GDP from 12.6 percent in 2021-22. It was mainly due to a drastic drop in imports (nearly 10 percentage points of GDP) and a pickup in remittance inflows, amounting to 22.7 percent of GDP. Foreign exchange reserves also increased to cover 10 months of import of goods and services, up from 6.9 months in 2021-22.

Structural issues

Beyond the short-term effects, this volatility or sharp readjustment of macroeconomic indicators points to unresolved structural issues that must be addressed through legal, regulatory, policy and institutional reforms. These structural issues should not be masked by the rosier economic outlook for 2023-24 compared to the last fiscal.

The vulnerability to exogenous shocks will continue to compound until a meaningful structural economic transformation. For instance, shifting from low- to high-value-added sectors with increasing productivity and employment opportunities will require less reliance on remittances for growth, poverty reduction, revenue mobilisation, banking sector liquidity and external sector stability. A high inflow of remittances supports high consumption (over 90 percent of GDP), which is fulfilled by imported goods and services without adequate domestic output. Foreign exchange earned from remittances is used to finance imports. Large-scale outmigration and remittances have been critical in reducing poverty, propping up real estate and housing businesses, and facilitating internal migration from rural to urban areas.

The government must ramp up capital budget execution to fund critical physical and social infrastructure and services and promote private sector investment to lay the foundation for a meaningful structural transformation. Capital budget execution, which averaged 61 percent in the last three fiscal years, is affected by prolonged government procedures leading to approval delays and coordination failures, structural weaknesses in project preparation, including inadequate consideration for climate change and natural hazards, and allocative inefficiency. The government needs to increase capital budget execution by addressing these constraints and also secure additional resources to improve overall capital expenditure. Amidst stagnating revenue growth and high fiscal deficit, they must rationalise recurrent expenses and reform loss-making public enterprises to create extra fiscal space to boost capital expenditure. The quality of capital spending is also crucial as it was hastily spent in the last quarter of the fiscal year when about 54 percent of actual spending or disbursement happens. In 2021/22, capital spending of federal, provincial and local governments was 4.4 percent, 2.2 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively.

Structural issues related to the financial sector—particularly, perennial asset-liability mismatch and the impact of high credit growth on the productive sector and aspired structural transformation—need rethinking. This might require reorientation of the monetary policy, addressing long-term structural issues in addition to short-term credit flows and interest rate volatility. To boost output and exports, overall productivity needs to be enhanced by lowering the cost of doing business, which will incentivise private sector investment and increase industrial capacity utilisation.