Dr Namrata Basnet and Dr Arnija Rana, dermatologists of Elara Clinic, explain the benefits of skin microbiomes and ways to balance them for better and healthier skin. Dr Basnet is a dermatologist with an MD from Hubei University of Medicine in China. Dr Rana has an MBBS degree from Manipal Pokhara College of Medical Sciences and an MD in Dermatology from Nepal Medical College under KU.

What is the skin microbiome?

The skin microbiome is a mix of tiny, invisible organisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live on our skin. They’re mostly found on the skin’s outer layer and in hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. These little organisms naturally live all over your skin and help keep it healthy.

What are its uses and importance for skin health?

The skin microbiome acts like a natural shield, protecting against harmful germs and helping the skin stay balanced. It helps keep the skin hydrated, reduces redness and irritation, and even protects against breakouts and other skin issues. Essentially, it keeps your skin firm and healthy.

How does the microbiome keep your skin healthy?

The skin's microbiome is crucial for maintaining health and balance. It blocks harmful germs by supporting beneficial microbes, calms inflammation by aiding the immune system, and maintains a slightly acidic pH to protect against external threats. Some microbes also help retain moisture, keeping the skin soft and hydrated ensuring overall health and resilience.

What happens when the microbiome is disrupted?

When the microbiome gets out of balance, called “dysbiosis,” it can cause several issues. Sensitive skin can become red, itchy, or easily irritated, and acne and pimples may become more frequent. Moreover, the skin may lose moisture and become rough, resulting in dry or flaky skin. Additionally, skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis can flare up when the microbiome is off-balance.

How can you support a healthy skin microbiome?

To support your skin's microbiome, use gentle cleansers that don’t sting and avoid harsh soaps or products with excessive alcohol or fragrance, as they can disrupt the balance. Keeping the skin hydrated is essential, as it locks in moisture and fosters a healthy environment for beneficial microbes.

Ingredients like prebiotics (inulin, FOS) nourish good bacteria, while probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifida ferment) restore balance and reduce irritation. Postbiotics, such as lactic acid, repair and hydrate the skin while calming inflammation. Niacinamide strengthens the skin barrier, glycerin provides hydration, and ceramides prevent moisture loss while protecting against harmful microbes. Squalane balances oil production, and plant-based ferments like rice water and green tea enhance microbial diversity. Antioxidants like Vitamin C and resveratrol protect against oxidative stress, while beta-glucans soothe and promote balance, ensuring a healthy, resilient skin barrier.

What lifestyle factors affect your skin microbiome?

A diet rich in whole foods and fermented products supports a thriving microbiome, while processed foods and excess sugar can disrupt it. Gentle hygiene practices with microbiome-friendly products help maintain balance, as over-cleansing or using harsh products can strip away beneficial bacteria. Chronic stress increases inflammation and disrupts microbial harmony, highlighting the importance of stress management. Environmental factors, such as pollution and climate changes, reduce microbial diversity, while poor sleep disrupts skin repair and microbial balance.

Regular exercise improves circulation and microbial diversity, though excessive sweating without proper cleansing may cause bacterial overgrowth. Medications like antibiotics and steroids can disturb the microbiome by eliminating beneficial bacteria.

How can you maintain or restore a healthy skin microbiome?

To keep your microbiome balanced, use a gentle skincare routine, use mild cleansers, and avoid harsh products. Keep your skin hydrated, which helps to keep the skin’s natural barrier strong, and use products with prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. Moreover, avoid overusing exfoliants and acids, as they can strip the skin of good bacteria. Thus, a simple skincare routine often benefits the microbiome.

What are the benefits and risks of microbiome-focused skincare?

Microbiome-focused skincare offers many benefits, such as strengthening the skin barrier, enhancing moisture retention, and protecting against environmental damage. These products help reduce inflammation, making them ideal for sensitive or inflamed skin and conditions like eczema and acne. By supporting the skin’s moisture retention, they improve hydration and help maintain microbial balance, protecting against harmful bacteria and infections. Additionally, they can support anti-ageing efforts by reducing oxidative stress and improving skin elasticity.

However, there are risks. Misuse or overuse can disrupt the microbiome, leading to imbalances. Some ingredients may cause allergic reactions, irritation, or breakouts in specific individuals. Not all products are scientifically validated, and some probiotic-based products may have a short shelf life due to the degradation of live bacteria. Despite these challenges, microbiome-focused skincare can be effective when used carefully and with proper research.