Jurors in the first two trials in the US, from a growing wave of lawsuits targeting social media firms over harm to children, ​have found Meta and Alphabet’s Google liable, potentially teeing up an appeals fight that could reshape how US law shields tech companies from lawsuits.

In California, a Los Angeles jury ‌on Wednesday found Meta and Google liable for a young woman’s depression and suicidal thoughts after she said she became addicted to Instagram and YouTube at a young age, ordering them to pay a combined $6 million in damages.

In a separate New Mexico case, jurors on Tuesday ordered Meta to pay $375 million after finding the company misled users about the safety of its products for young users and enabled the sexual exploitation of children on its platforms.

The verdicts ​pierce a legal shield that plaintiffs suing tech companies have long struggled to overcome: Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, a 1996 federal law that generally protects online ​platforms from liability over user-generated content.

In both cases, the plaintiffs sidestepped that hurdle by arguing the companies harmed young users through decisions they made ⁠about the platforms’ design rather than the content itself.

“Courts are increasingly trying to distinguish claims about platform functionality or platform conduct from claims that would really just impose liability for third-party speech,” ​said Gregory Dickinson, an assistant professor at University of Nebraska College of Law who studies the intersection of tech and the law.

Meta and Google have denied the claims, arguing they have taken actions to ​protect young people.

Meta, Google Claimed Liability Shield

In both cases, Meta urged the judge to dismiss the lawsuit, as did Google in the Los Angeles case, claiming they were shielded from liability by Section 230. The judges rejected the argument, saying the cases could move to trial.

A Meta spokesperson declined to comment beyond noting that Meta plans to appeal in both cases. Google has said it plans to appeal in the Los Angeles case, but did not ​immediately respond to a request for comment.

Those appeals are almost certain to centre on Section 230 – and they could have broad implications.

Meta, Google, Snapchat parent Snap Inc, and TikTok parent ByteDance are facing ​thousands of lawsuits in both state and federal court over claims their design choices have led to a mental health crisis for teens and young people.

More than 2,400 cases have been centralised before a single judge in ‌the California federal court, while thousands of cases are consolidated in the California state court.

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Legal experts say courts have been moving toward a narrower view of Section 230’s liability shield.

Several lower courts have ruled that companies’ platform design choices are not protected by the law, but no appellate court has weighed in.

Appellate courts, not trial judges, are the ones whose rulings bind other courts.

Implications Beyond Social Media

An appellate ruling on Section 230 could have implications beyond social media, legal experts say, shaping lawsuits against other online platforms that host content used by children. More than 130 lawsuits are pending in federal court against ​Roblox Corporation, for example, accusing the popular gaming ​site of failing to protect users from sexual ⁠exploitation. Roblox denies the claims.

“I think the internet is on trial, not social media,” said Eric Goldman, co-director of the High Tech Law Institute at Santa Clara University School of Law. “If the theories work, they will be deployed elsewhere.”

Appeals in both cases would be heard first by appeals courts ​at the state level. But they could go to higher courts after that.

The US Supreme Court has shown a willingness to potentially decide the ​scope of Section 230. In 2023, the court heard a challenge involving Google’s video-sharing platform YouTube, but ultimately sidestepped a ruling on the legal protections for internet companies.

In 2024, the high court declined to hear a Texas teen's bid to revive his lawsuit accusing Snapchat owner Snap of failing to protect underage users of its social media platform from sexual predators. Two conservative justices - Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch - dissented from that decision, however, warning of further delays ​in addressing the issue. “Social-media platforms have increasingly used (Section) 230 as a get-out-of-jail free card,” they wrote in a dissent.

Meetali ​Jain, director of the Tech Justice Law Project, which brings litigation against tech companies, said she thinks the US Supreme Court may now be open to weighing in on the scope of Section 230.

“I personally think that the Supreme Court is ​even ready for a case like this, for the right case,” Jain said.