Almost a year ago, when Phumisara Thapa decided to start cucumber farming, everybody was skeptical. Some even tried to dissuade her, saying farming would cost a lot of money and she didn’t have the experience to run a commercial farm. But farming wasn't new to Thapa; it was the only other thing she did, besides her household chores.

Thapa got married at the age of 16. As a housewife, her day began early at 4am, first cleaning and cooking, before working on the family’s small plot of land. Occasionally, she made homemade liquor, which she sold in the nearby market. But this meant that she had no time or savings of her own.

“I only had Rs5,000 and I needed Rs20,000 to start farming,” said 29-year-old Thapa. “So I decided to ask my husband to invest.”

But Thapa’s husband, who was working in Malaysia at that time, refused.

“He said that he would send me more money if what he was sending for household expenses wasn't enough,” said Thapa. “But I remained firm on my decision, and my husband, very reluctantly, decided to invest money. As it was my first business, I was terribly nervous. I kept worrying what I would do if I lost that money.”

But by the end of the three-month cucumber season, Thapa had made a profit of Rs50,000. The money that she and her husband had invested had paid off, and Thapa was in charge of a vibrant new business. That was in April 2019. Today, she’s used the profits to invest in two other ventures--a tailoring shop and a pig farm. She makes around Rs 25,000 every month.

In the village of Jugepani in Hupsekot Rural Municipality, Nawalpur district, the majority of men work in Malaysia and the Gulf. According to locals, every household has at least one member working abroad. Only the women, children and elderly are left behind.

Remittance money is the single largest contributor to Nepal's GDP. In 2018, Nepalis working abroad sent home $8.1 billion, contributing 28 percent of the country’s GDP. Numerous studies and reports have pointed out the pitfalls of remittance, primarily the fact that it is creating an unhealthy dependence and that the money sent back is not being used productively. Most reports show that remittance is used for consumption, with some even suggesting that remittance is leading Nepalis to work less.

But in Jugepani, women like Thapa are not sitting around, waiting for their husbands to send home money. What is happening here contradicts established opinion. The women from Jugepani have been using the remittance money sent by their husbands to start businesses, helping create a thriving local economy. Some of the women have even become successful enough to convince husbands to return home.

When Thapa's husband first left for Malaysia six years ago, his monthly salary was 1,000 Malaysian Ringgit, equivalent to Rs 28,000 at the then exchange rate.

“What we grew in our fields was barely enough to feed the family. For everything else, we depended on my husband's income,” said Thapa. “But the money he sent was not enough.”

According to labour migration experts, the majority of Nepalis who travel to countries in the Gulf and to Malaysia for work do so to provide for their family's basic needs.

“The vast majority of them come from lower-middle-class backgrounds, and their basic reason for opting for foreign labour is to provide food, clothing, and shelter to their families in Nepal,” said Ganesh Gurung, executive chairperson of the government’s Policy Research Institute, who has conducted extensive research on migration issues. “This is the reason why the majority of remittance money that flows into the country is used for consumption.”

In 2019, a survey by Sharecast Initiative Nepal, a non-profit distribution company, showed that 60 percent of remittance money was used to buy food, 42 percent for clothing, 36 percent for medical treatment, and 35 percent for children's education.

But when a family spends all of the remittance money fulfilling basic needs, it leaves them with no savings to fall back on during hard times. Thapa realised this a few years ago when her grandmother-in-law fell ill and had to be hospitalised. To cover her medical expenses, the family had to take a loan of Rs 130,000.

It was an understanding of this precarity that led Thapa to attend financial literacy classes provided by The Safer Migration Project, a bilateral initiative of the governments of Nepal and Switzerland, two years ago.

“Not only did the classes teach us the importance of saving money and keeping track of expenses, but they also served as an awakening from my economically unsustainable life,” said Thapa. “The classes made me realise how irresponsible it was of me to depend solely on my husband's income to take care of the family's needs.”

Remittance is upending gender roles in Nepali society to a large extent. As men leave the country in droves for destinations abroad, it is the women who now have to take up traditionally male jobs, according to Gurung, of the Policy Research Institute.

After starting her cucumber farm, Thapa enrolled in a free government-run tailoring class and after two months of training, she started her own tailoring shop, which is located in a room in her parents’ house. The shop is sparsely decorated, but in one corner is her sewing machine, which she bought with the money her husband sent.

“Now, my husband is very happy and proud of all that I have managed to do. He has become very supportive,” she said. “A few months ago, my husband and I decided to buy some land in the village, and I contributed Rs 50,000 of my own money."

Jugepani is where Nepal's flatlands hug the hills, giving it a unique geographical layout. To the north of the village are hills covered with sal trees. Where the hills end, the land flattens. Here, the majority of concrete houses have been built with remittance money.

“Almost every family has at least one member working abroad,” said 41-year-old local Devi Maya Pandey.

For those living in the village, the fertile lands are one of the primary means to make a living from. At this time of the year, most of the village's fields are blanketed with bright yellow mustard flowers. The majority of those tending the fields are women and elderly men.

But in the fields that the Pandey household owns, both Devi and her 47-year-old husband Lila Nath Pandey are working. In one section of the family's fields, there are potatoes and a few metres away are cucumbers. Under the bamboo frames built to support the cucumber creepers, the family has planted black-eyed beans. While Devi digs potatoes from the ground, Lila carefully inspects the creepers.

This time two years ago, Lila was working for an advertising merchandise retail company in Dubai. He returned to Nepal in 2018 and hasn't left the country since.

The first time Lila left for foreign employment was in 1999. He and Devi got married the same year, and just 21 days after the wedding, he left for Bahrain.

“I had no option. I was making just Rs 1,000 a month from my teaching job, and our family's financial condition was weak,” said Lila.

The job in Bahrain came with a monthly salary of Rs14,000. Before flying to Bahrain, Lila had already incurred a loan of Rs30,000 to pay for his passport and air tickets.

While Lila was away in Bahrain, Devi started working as a teacher to supplement her husband's income. “I didn't want our family to be reliant on only one source of income,” said Devi. But after she gave birth to her second daughter, juggling taking care of her daughters, household work, and a full-time job proved too challenging. She had to quit her job.

"Even though Lila always made sure I had pocket money, I didn't like that I was now completely reliant on his salary,” said Devi. “So I decided to start a small-scale commercial vegetable farm with the money Lila sent back.”

Devi’s small farm became successful, so much that she was able to purchase more land, expand the farm, and add livestock.

In 2018, when Lila returned from Dubai, Devi asked him to stay back. She had proven that the family could earn enough money from farming and livestock rearing.

“He has paid a huge price to provide for the family. Since he could only visit Nepal for two months every two years, he wasn't there when I gave birth to all three of our children. My daughters, aged 17 and 12, grew up without a father figure. Every time he came home, they hesitated to open up to him. My heart used to break. So when he came home in 2018, I knew I should convince him to stay back,” said Devi.

The couple now works together in the family's fields. This year, the family made a profit of Rs 300,000 from growing and selling cucumbers. Devi said that the family can comfortably make Rs 500,000 to 700,000 a year from farming alone.

Remittance has been crucial in alleviating poverty in the country. According to the Multidimensional Poverty Index, published by the Nepal Planning Commission in 2018, the country reduced the percentage of people termed multidimensionally poor by 50 percent between 2006 to 2014, largely due to remittance, says Gurung. The corresponding increase in people's purchasing power also played an important role in strengthening the country's economy.

As much remittance helps to lift people out of poverty, it just as often ends up trapping people in a cycle of migration.

“When families end up spending all their remittance money on consumption, it leaves them in a very precarious position,” said Gurung. “In such a situation, the migrant worker gets trapped in a cycle of stint-after-stint of employment abroad. It also leaves the families in a very vulnerable position. It is therefore extremely important that families save money to invest in the productive sector.”

The loans that most migrants take to fly abroad end up accumulating interest at high rates, forcing migrants to go abroad repeatedly in order to pay off the loans. This happens because interest rates are high, and also because remittance money is not nearly enough to pay back loans while also providing for daily consumption needs. According to Nepal Living Standards Survey 2011, 79 percent of remittance money that enters the country goes into consumption while 7 percent into repayment of loans.

But by investing remittance money in small-scale businesses, women like Devi are turning things around for them.